![]() This description of fields remains to this day. He argued against "action at a distance", and proposed that interactions between objects occur via space-filling "lines of force". He introduced fields as properties of space (even when it is devoid of matter) having physical effects. Michael Faraday coined the English term "field" in 1845. : 18įields began to take on an existence of their own with the development of electromagnetism in the 19th century. However, this was considered merely a mathematical trick. In an exchange of letters with Richard Bentley, however, Newton stated that "it is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should, without the mediation of something else which is not material, operate upon and affect other matter without mutual contact." : 4 It was not until the 18th century that mathematical physicists discovered a convenient description of gravity based on fields-a numerical quantity (a vector in the case of gravitational field) assigned to every point in space indicating the action of gravity on any particle at that point. The force of gravity as described by Newton is an " action at a distance"-its effects on faraway objects are instantaneous, no matter the distance. The earliest successful classical field theory is one that emerged from Newton's law of universal gravitation, despite the complete absence of the concept of fields from his 1687 treatise Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. : xi A brief overview of these theoretical precursors follows. Quantum field theory results from the combination of classical field theory, quantum mechanics, and special relativity. When a piece of paper is sprinkled with iron filings and placed above a bar magnet, the filings align according to the direction of the magnetic field, forming arcs allowing viewers to clearly see the poles of the magnet and to see the magnetic field generated. Theoretical background Magnetic field lines visualized using iron filings. The development of gauge theory and the completion of the Standard Model in the 1970s led to a renaissance of quantum field theory. A second major barrier came with QFT's apparent inability to describe the weak and strong interactions, to the point where some theorists called for the abandonment of the field theoretic approach. A major theoretical obstacle soon followed with the appearance and persistence of various infinities in perturbative calculations, a problem only resolved in the 1950s with the invention of the renormalization procedure. Its development began in the 1920s with the description of interactions between light and electrons, culminating in the first quantum field theory- quantum electrodynamics. Quantum field theory emerged from the work of generations of theoretical physicists spanning much of the 20th century. But unlike the sorting rule, it does not have a unique final state.Main article: History of quantum field theory Like the sorting rule, after a limited number of steps this rule gets into a final state that no longer changes. "MultiwaySystem"][, again starting from BABABA. Multiway Systems in the Space of All Possible Rules. ![]() Event Horizons and Singularities in Spacetime and Quantum Mechanics.Correspondence between Relativity and Quantum Mechanics.Wave-Particle Duality, Uncertainty Relations, Etc.Computational Capabilities of Our Models.Equivalence and Computation in Our Models.Branchial Graphs and Multiway Causal Graphs.Global Symmetries and Conservation Laws.Causal Graphs for Causal Invariant Rules. ![]() The Relationship between Graphs, and the Multiway Causal Graph.Foliations of the Multiway Graph and the Structure of Branchial Space.Foliations and Coordinates on Causal Graphs. ![]()
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